Digital Transformation: A Way Forward

Chapter 1

A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Internet of Everything (IoE) for Progressive Businesses and Economic Growth in Malaysia

By MD Rashedul Islam Junayed, MD Rashedul Alam Juwel, Shaik Shabana Anjum, Sook Fern Yeo and Kay Hooi Keoy

Abstract – The Internet of Everything (IoE) extends the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). It refers to a network of connections that integrates people, processes, data, and things, including the interconnection of physical devices. Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in IoE by combining data generated from connected devices with advanced analytics. IoE’s ability to extract and analyse data from millions of devices in real time enables the creation of a highly intelligent and interconnected network. This network enhances productivity, improves efficiency, and supports the achievement of social and economic goals. Emerging technologies have already transformed corporate operations, consumer interactions, and internal process management. This review explores how IoE, AI, and big data are driving digital transformation across industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, and education. It highlights the role of IoE in automating processes, improving decision-making, and enabling businesses to manage assets, streamline operations, and develop new ideas. Big data and analytics are also discussed for their capacity to generate valuable insights from large and complex datasets. Although the implementation of these technologies remains in its early stages, they have already made a profound impact on digital transformation. Businesses must carefully assess and deploy them based on their unique requirements, considering cost, scalability, security, and organisational readiness. This paper therefore provides a comprehensive review of how IoE and AI can contribute to economic growth and support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in generating revenue.

Cite this chapter as:
Junayed, M. R. I., Juwel, M. R. A., Anjum, S. S., Yeo, S. F., & Keoy, K. H. (2026). A comprehensive review on the role of Internet of Everything (IoE) for progressive businesses and economic growth in Malaysia. In K. B. Lim & M. T. I. Khan (Eds.), Digital transformation: A way forward (pp. 5−31). MMU Press.

Chapter 2

University Students’ Awareness of Online Scams and Information Security Practices: A Qualitative Study

By Ching Shi Ng and Siti Zakiah Melatu Samsi

Abstract – Due to their limited knowledge of security precautions, inability to effectively mitigate potential risks and general lack of life experience, students are easy targets for online scams. With their The extensive internet use and high volume of online activities, this group is the most vulnerable and is perpetually victimized. Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory research is to investigate university students’ awareness of online scams and to explore the students’ information security awareness level. Using the Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire (HAIS-Q) as the research lens, fifteen students from Multimedia University’s Malacca campus were chosen to participate in semi-structured interviews to determine their level of awareness and how they protect themselves from becoming online scam victims. The findings reveals that the students practice effective password management, are aware of safe email, internet, and social networking site usage procedures, and practice safe remote working behaviour, indicating their high degree of awareness and preventive behaviour towards online scams. This study will provide guidelines for increasing student understanding of internet risks, including scam activities.

Cite this chapter as:
Ng, C. S., & Samsi, S. Z. M. (2026). University students’ awareness of online scams and information security practices: A qualitative study. In K. B. Lim & M. T. I. Khan (Eds.), Digital transformation: A way forward (pp. 33−54). MMU Press.

Analysis of Consumer Adoption towards Going Cashless in Malaysia

By Chun Heng Chong, Suganthi Ramasamy and Yee Yen Yuen 

Abstract – Smartphones have become one of the essential parts of our lives in today’s world, where both the elderly and youngsters use them. Furthermore, the number of smartphone owners has shown a significant and rapid growth of 40% from 2016 to 2020. The purpose of this study is to identify whether social influence, usability and convenience, security, and speed affect consumer adoption of cashless payments in Malaysia. This research project comprises one dependent variable, consumer adoption of cashless payments, while the independent variables are the determinants that may affect adoption, namely social influence, usability and convenience, security, and speed. The study is conducted using a questionnaire survey and analysed through a variety of methods, including descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, and multiple linear regression. The findings reveal that usability and convenience and speed significantly affect consumers’ adoption of cashless payments in Malaysia

Cite this chapter as:
Chong, C. H., Ramasamy, S., & Yuen, Y. Y. (2026). Analysis of consumer adoption towards going cashless in Malaysia. In K. B. Lim, & M. T. I. Khan, (Eds.), Digital transformation: A way forward (pp. 55−104). MMU Press.

Chapter 4

Generation Z’s Online Buying Behaviour During Post Pandemic

By Anushia Chelvarayan, Sangeetha A/P C. Velu, Sook Fern Yeo, Kah Boon Lim

Abstract – What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the term Generation Z? Often, it is the cliché of a “young person who spends too much time on their phone.” However, Gen Z is beginning to play a growing role in the workforce. In terms of disposable income and purchasing power, Gen Zers are becoming increasingly influential. While the exact dates may vary depending on the source, Gen Z is generally defined as those born between 1997 and 2010, which currently includes individuals aged 11 to 24. The primary objective of this research is to assess the online shopping preferences of Malaysian Generation Z consumers in the post-pandemic period. The COVID-19 lockdowns and the closure of shopping malls and commercial areas disrupted the city’s usual routines and business activities. Today, e-commerce has emerged as a vital tool for streamlining company processes, reducing cycle time and organisational costs, enabling remote work, maintaining social distancing, protecting against viruses, and strengthening connections with customers and business partners. The convenience of making purchases from one’s home, office, or even abroad has significantly contributed to the rapid growth of online shopping. It is therefore important to examine the factors influencing people’s tendency to shop online. This study investigates the key elements affecting Generation Z’s online purchasing behaviour in Malaysia during the post-pandemic era, including security and privacy, product variety, convenience, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) provide the theoretical foundations of the research. A survey was developed and distributed to 201 respondents, all of whom were Generation Z students from Malaysian institutions of higher learning, including undergraduates, postgraduates, and college students. The study concludes that the collected data are both valuable and beneficial for academics, students, researchers, educational institutions, businesses, and policymakers.

Cite this chapter as:
Chelvaravan, A., Velu, S., Yeo, S. F., & Lim, K. B. (2026). Generation Z’s online buying behaviour during post-pandemic. In K. B. Lim & M. T. I. Khan (Eds.), Digital transformation: A way forward (pp. 105−125). MMU Press.

Exploring the Key Determinants of Customers’ Purchase Intention towards Life Insurance Policies

By Kah Boon Lim, Sook Fern Yeo, Siew Hui Low and Cheng Ling Tan 

Abstract – Life insurance is a contractual agreement between an insurer and an insured, guaranteeing financial support to the insured’s family upon the insured’s death and providing a retirement fund once the insured reaches retirement age. It also offers various other benefits to policyholders. In recent years, life insurance has received increased attention, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, as more individuals express the intention to purchase it. This study investigates the factors influencing customers’ purchase intention towards life insurance, with one dependent variable and five independent variables. The dependent variable is customers’ purchase intention towards life insurance, while the independent variables are attitude, subjective norms, risk aversion motives, saving motives, and financial literacy. Data were collected from 161 respondents through an online questionnaire. The collected data were entered into SPSS and analysed using SmartPLS software. The results revealed that two independent variables, namely attitude and saving motives, have a significant positive relationship with customers’ purchase intention towards life insurance. This study provides valuable insights and suggestions for insurance institutions and governments in policymaking decisions.

Cite this chapter as:
Lim, K. B., Yeo, S. F., Low, S. H., & Tan, C. L. (2026). Exploring the key determinants of customers’ purchase intention towards life insurance policies. In K. B. Lim & M.T.I. Khan (Eds.), Digital transformation: A way forward (pp. 127−157). MMU Press.

Chapter 6

The Intentions of Malaysians towards Adopting Green Finance

By Audrey Lim Li Chin and Huey Yuan Ong

Abstract – This paper seeks to extend the contribution of the UTAUT framework by incorporating the antecedents of “environmental consciousness” and “government support” in relation to Malaysia’s key initiatives to achieve a net zero carbon emission economy by 2050. A questionnaire was distributed to 160 respondents using convenience sampling via Google Forms, measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The findings reveal that performance expectancy, social influence, and environmental consciousness significantly impact Malaysians’ behavioural intention to adopt green finance. This extended UTAUT framework shows that performance expectancy is the key construct in explaining the advanced information system usage of green finance implemented by banks and other financial institutions. Consumers who are highly aware of environmental issues and initiatives adopted by banks are concerned about the potential environmental impacts of deploying green finance offerings. Furthermore, respondents who are environmentally aware are more likely to engage in sustainable consumption behaviour in the form of financial services. Individuals influenced by their surroundings, particularly by people important to them, experience higher pressure to adopt green finance. However, effort expectancy does not affect their behavioural intention to adopt green finance. This may be attributable to respondents’ lack of knowledge and experience regarding the benefits and importance of green finance. The impact of facilitating conditions is not supported in this study, as lack of awareness and limited resources for green finance may have hindered the full implementation of green finance technology. Unexpectedly, respondents’ intention to adopt green finance is not affected by government intervention, potentially due to ineffective or irrelevant government policies.

Cite this chapter as:
Lim, A. L. C. & Ong, H. Y. (2026). The intentions of Malaysians towards adopting green finance. In K. B. Lim & M. T. I. Khan (Eds.), Digital transformation: A way forward (pp. 159−186). MMU Press.